Lambdia

Water jug problem

Adding fives and threes never reaches four, and that observation is correct. It is also about the wrong set, because a pour is a subtraction and the reachable amounts are the integer combinations rather than the natural ones. An exhaustive state-graph search proves six pours is minimal, and the four missing sums turn out to be the gaps of a numerical semigroup.

Also asked aswater jug · die hard jugs · measuring four gallons

Read the full explanationFour Gallons From a Five and a Three, and Why Coprimality Is the Trick

Trading brainteasers

A Half, from One Multiplication and No Calculus

Multiplying by the conjugate turns the difference into x over the sum of the same two terms, exactly, with no series and no error term, and dividing through by x reads off the limit one half. Completing the square gives a constant excess of a quarter, so the gap climbs toward a half strictly from below and never reaches it.

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GeometryHigh SchoolExplainer9 min

One Eighteen Inch Pizza Beats a Twelve and a Ten, by a Corner

The factor pi over four cancels off both sides, so the comparison is 324 against 244, about a third more pizza. Written that way it is the law of cosines: lay the three widths out as a triangle and the corner between the two smaller sides opens to 109.47 degrees, wider than square, which is the answer with no arithmetic at all.

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